Orders of magnitude (temperature)
Appearance
(Redirected from Megakelvin)
![]() |
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Temperature_in_eV.svg/110px-Temperature_in_eV.svg.png)
List of orders of magnitude for temperature
[edit]Factor | Multiple | Item |
---|---|---|
0 | 0 K |
|
10−30 | 1 qK |
|
10−18 | 1 aK |
|
10−15 | 1 fK |
|
10−12 | 1 pK |
|
10−9 | 1 nK |
|
10−6 | 1 μK |
|
10−3 | 1 mK |
|
1 | 1 K |
|
101 | 10 K |
|
102 | 100 K |
See detailed list below |
103 | 1 kK |
|
104 | 10 kK |
|
106 | 1 MK |
|
109 | 1 GK |
|
1012 | 1 TK |
|
1015 | 1 PK |
|
1018 | 1 EK | |
1021 | 1 ZK | |
1024 | 1 YK |
|
1027 | 1 RK |
|
1030 | 1 QK | |
1032 | 100 QK |
|
1033 | 1000 QK |
|
10290 | 10260 QK |
Detailed list for 100 K to 1000 K
[edit]Most ordinary human activity takes place at temperatures of this order of magnitude. Circumstances where water naturally occurs in liquid form are shown in light grey.
Kelvin | Degrees Celsius |
Degrees Fahrenheit |
Condition |
---|---|---|---|
100 K | −173.15 °C | −279.67 °F | |
133 K | −140 °C | −220 °F |
|
133 K to 163 K | −140 to −110 °C | −220 to −160 °F |
|
163 K | −110 °C | −166 °F |
|
165 K | −108 °C | −163 °F |
|
175.4 K | −97.8 °C | −144 °F |
|
183.7 K | −89.5 °C | −129.1 °F |
|
183.9 K | −89.2 °C | −128.6 °F |
|
192 K | −81 °C | −114 °F |
|
193 to 203 K | −80 to −70 °C | −112 to −94 °F |
|
194.6 K | −78.5 °C | −109.3 °F |
|
203.55 K | −69.6 °C | −93.3 °F | Coldest officially recorded air temperature in the Northern Hemisphere at Klinck AWS, Greenland (Denmark) on 1991-12-22[18] |
205.5 K | −67.7 °C | −89.9 °F | Coldest officially recorded air temperature on the Eurasian continent at Oymyakon, USSR on 6 February 1933[19][full citation needed] |
210 K | −63 °C | −80 °F |
|
214.9 K | –58.3 °C | –72.9 °F |
|
223.15 K | −50 °C | −58 °F |
|
224.8 K | −48.4 °C | −55.0 °F |
|
225 K | −48 °C | −55 °F |
|
233.15 K | −40 °C | −40 °F |
|
234.3 K | −38.83 °C | −37.89 °F |
|
240.4 K | −32.8 °C | −27.0 °F | |
246 K | −27 °C | −17 °F |
|
249 K | –24 °C | –11 °F |
|
249.3 K | –23.9 °C | –11.0 °F | |
250 K | –23 °C | –9 °F |
|
255.37 K | –177⁄9 °C | 0 °F |
|
255 K | –18 °C | 0 °F |
|
256 K | –17 °C | 1 °F |
|
256 K | –17 °C | 2 °F |
|
257 K | –16 °C | 3 °F |
|
262 K | −11 °C | 12 °F |
|
263.15 K | –10 °C | 14 °F |
|
265 K | –8 °C | 18 °F |
|
265.8 K | –7.2 °C | 19 °F |
|
267 K | –6 °C | 21 °F |
|
271.15 K | −2 °C | 28.4 °F | |
273.14 K | -0.01 °C | 31.98 °F |
|
273.15 K | 0.00 °C | 32.00 °F |
|
273.16 K | 0.01 °C | 32.02 °F |
|
276 K | 3 °C | 37 °F |
|
277 K | 3.85 °C | 39 °F |
|
277.13 K | 3.98 °C | 39.16 °F |
|
279.8 K | 6.67 °C | 44 °F |
|
283.2 K | 10 °C | 50 °F |
|
286.9 K | 12.7 °C | 54.9 °F |
|
287.6 K | 14.44 °C | 58 °F |
|
288 K | 15 °C | 59 °F |
|
291.6 K | 18.4 °C | 65.1 °F |
|
294 K | 21 °C | 70 °F |
|
296 K | 23 °C | 73 °F |
|
297 K | 24 °C | 75 °F |
|
298 K | 25 °C | 77 °F |
|
300 K | 27 °C | 81 °F | |
302.9 K | 29.8 °C | 85.6 °F |
|
303.15 K | 30 °C | 86 °F |
|
304 K | 31 °C | 88 °F |
|
307 K | 34 °C | 93 °F | |
307.6 K | 34.4 °C | 93.9 °F |
|
308 K | 35 °C | 95 °F |
|
309.5 K | 36.4 °C | 97.5 °F |
|
311.03 K | 37.87 °C | 100.2 °F |
|
311.8 K | 38.6 °C | 101.5 °F |
|
313.15 K | 40 °C | 104 °F |
|
315 K | 42 °C | 108 °F |
|
317.6 K | 44.44 °C | 112 °F |
|
319.7 K | 46.5 °C | 115.7 °F |
|
321.45 K | 48.3 °C | 119 °F | World's hottest air temperature recorded while raining, at Imperial, California, USA on July 24, 2018[41]}} |
322.1 K | 48.9 °C | 120.0 °F | |
323.14 K | 49.99 °C | 121.99 °F |
|
323.9 K | 50.7 °C | 123.3 °F |
|
329.87 K | 56.7 °C | 134.1 °F |
|
333.15 K | 60 °C | 140 °F |
|
336 K | 63 °C | 145.4 °F |
|
342 K | 69 °C | 157 °F |
|
343.15 K | 70 °C | 158 °F |
|
350 K | 77 °C | 170 °F |
|
351.52 K | 78.37 °C | 173.07 °F |
|
353.15 K | 80 °C | 176 °F |
|
355 K | 82 °C | 180 °F |
|
355.6 K | 82.4 °C | 180.3 °F |
|
366 K | 93 °C | 200 °F |
|
367 K | 94 °C | 201 °F |
|
371 K | 98 °C | 209 °F |
|
373.13 K | 99.98 °C | 211.97 °F |
|
380 K | 107 °C | 225 °F |
|
388 K | 115 °C | 239 °F |
|
400 K | 127 °C | 260 °F |
|
433.15 K | 160 °C | 320 °F |
|
450 K | 177 °C | 350 °F |
|
453.15 K | 180 °C | 356 °F |
|
483 K | 210 °C | 410 °F | |
491 K | 218 °C | 425 °F |
|
519 K | 246 °C | 475 °F |
|
522 K | 249 °C | 480 °F |
|
525 K | 252 °C | 485 °F | |
538 K | 265 °C | 510 °F |
|
574.5875 K | 301.4375 °C | 574.5875 °F |
|
600.65 K | 327.5 °C | 621.5 °F |
|
647 K | 374 °C | 705 °F |
|
693 K | 419 °C | 787 °F |
|
723.15 K | 450 °C | 842 °F |
|
738 K | 465 °C | 870 °F |
|
749 K | 476 °C | 889 °F |
|
773.15 K | 500 °C | 932 °F |
|
798 K | 525 °C | 977 °F |
|
858 K | 585 °C | 1085 °F | Kindling point of hydrogen[51] |
933.47 K | 660.32 °C | 1220.58 °F |
|
1000 K | 726.85 °C | 1340.33 °F |
SI multiples
[edit]Submultiples | Multiples | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Value | SI symbol | Name | Value | SI symbol | Name |
10−1 K | dK | decikelvin | 101 K | daK | decakelvin |
10−2 K | cK | centikelvin | 102 K | hK | hectokelvin |
10−3 K | mK | millikelvin | 103 K | kK | kilokelvin |
10−6 K | μK | microkelvin | 106 K | MK | megakelvin |
10−9 K | nK | nanokelvin | 109 K | GK | gigakelvin |
10−12 K | pK | picokelvin | 1012 K | TK | terakelvin |
10−15 K | fK | femtokelvin | 1015 K | PK | petakelvin |
10−18 K | aK | attokelvin | 1018 K | EK | exakelvin |
10−21 K | zK | zeptokelvin | 1021 K | ZK | zettakelvin |
10−24 K | yK | yoctokelvin | 1024 K | YK | yottakelvin |
10−27 K | rK | rontokelvin | 1027 K | RK | ronnakelvin |
10−30 K | qK | quectokelvin | 1030 K | QK | quettakelvin |
References
[edit]- ^ Deppner, Christian; Herr, Waldemar; Cornelius, Merle; Stromberger, Peter; Sternke, Tammo; Grzeschik, Christoph; Grote, Alexander; Rudolph, Jan; Herrmann, Sven; Krutzik, Markus; Wenzlawski, André (2021-08-30). "Collective-Mode Enhanced Matter-Wave Optics". Physical Review Letters. 127 (10): 100401. Bibcode:2021PhRvL.127j0401D. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.127.100401. ISSN 0031-9007. PMID 34533345. S2CID 237396804.
- ^ "Bose-Einstein condensates break temperature record". Archived from the original on 2012-04-02. Retrieved 2010-09-27.
- ^ Savvatimskii, Aleksandr I (2003). "Melting point of graphite and liquid carbon (Concerning the paper 'Experimental investigation of the thermal properties of carbon at high temperatures and moderate pressures' by E. I. Asinovskii, A. V. Kirillin, and A. V. Kostanovskii)". Physics-Uspekhi. 46 (12): 1295–1303. Bibcode:2003PhyU...46.1295S. doi:10.1070/PU2003v046n12ABEH001699. S2CID 250746507.
- ^ Yang, C. C.; Li, S. (2008). "Size-Dependent Temperature-Pressure Phase Diagram of Carbon". Journal of Physical Chemistry C. 112 (5): 1423–1426. doi:10.1021/jp076049+.
- ^ Correa, A. A.; Bonev, S. A.; Galli, G. (2006). "Carbon under extreme conditions: Phase boundaries and electronic properties from first-principles theory". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 103 (5): 1204–1208. Bibcode:2006PNAS..103.1204C. doi:10.1073/pnas.0510489103. PMC 1345714. PMID 16432191.
- ^ Wang, Xiaofei; Scandolo, Sandro; Car, Roberto (2005). "Carbon Phase Diagram from Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics". Physical Review Letters. 95 (18): 185701. Bibcode:2005PhRvL..95r5701W. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.95.185701. PMID 16383918. S2CID 15373344.
- ^ Gerald I. Kerley and Lalit Chhabildas, "Multicomponent-Multiphase Equation of State for Carbon", Sandia National Laboratories (2001)
- ^ Glosli, James; Ree, Francis (1999). "Liquid-Liquid Phase Transformation in Carbon". Physical Review Letters. 82 (23): 4659–4662. Bibcode:1999PhRvL..82.4659G. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.82.4659.
- ^ Man Chai Chang; Ryong, Ryoo; Mu Shik Jhon (1985). "Thermodynamic properties of liquid carbon". Carbon. 23 (5): 481–485. Bibcode:1985Carbo..23..481M. doi:10.1016/0008-6223(85)90083-1.
- ^ Bestenlehner, Joachim M.; Crowther, Paul A.; Caballero-Nieves, Saida M.; Schneider, Fabian R. N.; Simón-Díaz, Sergio; Brands, Sarah A.; De Koter, Alex; Gräfener, Götz; Herrero, Artemio; Langer, Norbert; Lennon, Daniel J.; Maíz Apellániz, Jesus; Puls, Joachim; Vink, Jorick S. (2020). "The R136 star cluster dissected with Hubble Space Telescope/STIS. II. Physical properties of the most massive stars in R136". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 499 (2): 1918. arXiv:2009.05136. Bibcode:2020MNRAS.499.1918B. doi:10.1093/mnras/staa2801.
- ^ Massey, Philip; Bresolin, Fabio; Kudritzki, Rolf P.; Puls, Joachim; Pauldrach, A. W. A. (2004). "The Physical Properties and Effective Temperature Scale of O-Type Stars as a Function of Metallicity. I. A Sample of 20 Stars in the Magellanic Clouds". The Astrophysical Journal. 608 (2): 1001–1027. arXiv:astro-ph/0402633. Bibcode:2004ApJ...608.1001M. doi:10.1086/420766. S2CID 119373878.
- ^ "Highest man-made temperature". Guinness World Records. Jim Pattison Group. Retrieved 16 August 2015.
- ^ a b "Solar System Temperatures - NASA Science". science.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2023-10-20.
- ^ "Whole-Body Cryotherapy FAQs". Coyne Medical. 9 December 2020. Retrieved 2023-10-11.
- ^ Jestin Baby Mandumpal (2017). A Journey Through Water: A Scientific Exploration of The Most Anomalous Liquid on Earth. Bentham Science Publishers. p. 148. ISBN 9781681084237.
- ^ "New study explains Antarctica's coldest temperature". National Snow and Ice Data Center. 25 June 2018. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
- ^ a b National Research Council (US) Committee on Toxicology (1984). Read "Emergency and Continuous Exposure Limits for Selected Airborne Contaminants: Volume 2" at NAP.edu. doi:10.17226/690. ISBN 978-0-309-07774-3. PMID 25032441.
- ^ "Northern Hemisphere: Lowest Temperature". World Weather & Climate Extremes Archive. World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 2024-01-06.
- ^ Weather Underground – Coldest Places on Earth
- ^ a b http://www.currentresults.com/Weather-Extremes/ Current Results – Worlds Hottest and Coldest Places
- ^ 'Snowball Earth' Scenario Plunged Our Planet Into Million-Year Winters
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Veganbaking.net – Fat and Oil Melt Point Temperatures http://www.veganbaking.net/tools/fat-and-oil-melt-point-temperatures
- ^ http://www.weathernotebook.org/transcripts/2001/02/07.html Archived 2013-11-06 at the Wayback Machine The Weather Notebook – 40 Below
- ^ a b c d e http://wmo.asu.edu/ ASU World Meteorological Organization – Global Weather & Climate Extremes
- ^ "Temperature Everest Summit". Himalayan Wonders. 30 July 2014. Retrieved 2023-10-11. (Temperature calculated by averaging monthly temperatures given in graph)
- ^ "Freezing and food safety". USDA. Archived from the original on 18 September 2013. Retrieved 6 August 2013.
- ^ "Can the ocean freeze? Ocean water freezes at a lower temperature than freshwater". NOAA. Archived from the original on July 6, 2020. Retrieved January 2, 2019.
- ^ Chester, Roy; Jickells, Tim (2012). Marine Geochemistry. Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-118-34907-6.
- ^ http://www.newton.dep.anl.gov/askasci/chem03/chem03265.htm Archived 2015-02-26 at the Wayback Machine U.S. Dept. of Energy – Office of Science – Oils and Low Temperature
- ^ http://www.esf.edu/efb/schulz/Limnology/mixing.html Archived 2018-08-23 at the Wayback Machine College of Environmental Science and Forestry – Thermal Stratification
- ^ Agence France Presse (2014-12-05). "Doctors hail miracle as toddler survives freezing conditions in pyjamas". The Guardian. Warsaw. Retrieved 2015-02-03.
- ^ "2-letni Adaś wyprowadzony z hipotermii. Światowe media donoszą o cudownym dziecku z Polski". Polskie Radio. 2015-12-05. Retrieved 2015-02-03.
- ^ "New record for Antarctic continent reported". World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 7 February 2020.
- ^ https://www.climate.gov/news-features/climate-qa/whats-hottest-earths-ever-been What's the hottest Earth's ever been?
- ^ Rintamäki, Hannu (2007). "Human responses to cold". Alaska Medicine. 49 (2 Suppl): 29–31. PMID 17929604.
- ^ https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/cold-out-why-you-need-to-wear-a-hat Harvard Health Publishing - Cold out? Why you need to wear a hat!
- ^ Harvard Health Publishing - Time to redefine normal body temperature? https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/time-to-redefine-normal-body-temperature-2020031319173
- ^ http://people.rit.edu/hmm5837/320/project2/page4.html Archived 2013-11-12 at the Wayback Machine Rochester Institute for Technology – Random Cat Facts
- ^ http://www.jacuzzi.com/hot-tubs/hot-tub-blog/ideal-hot-tub-water-temperature/ Archived 2017-01-26 at the Wayback Machine. Finding The Ideal Hot Tub Temperature. Jacuzzi
- ^ http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/clock.html Biological Rhythums
- ^ "Hottest Rain on Record? Rain Falls at 119°F in Imperial, California". www.wunderground.com. Retrieved 2024-07-26.
- ^ a b c "Antiscald Inc". Archived from the original on 2014-09-13. Retrieved 2014-09-12.
- ^ "Highest recorded temperature". Guinness World Records. 10 July 1913. Retrieved 20 August 2018.
- ^ http://science.howstuffworks.com/dictionary/chemistry-terms/boiling-info.htm HowStuffWorks – Boiling
- ^ Seckbach, Joseph; et al. (2013). Polyextremophiles – life under multiple forms of stress. Dordrecht: Springer. preface. ISBN 978-94-007-6487-3.
- ^ "Residential Dishwashers". National Sanitation Foundation. Retrieved on 26 May 2017. http://www.nsf.org/consumer-resources/health-and-safety-tips/home-product-appliance-tips/sanitizing-dishwasher/
- ^ http://www.nps.gov/deva/naturescience/weather-and-climate.htm National Park Service – Death Valley – Weather and Climate
- ^ http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/research/Stars.shtml University of Hawaii – Institute for Astronomy
- ^ a b c International Fire Training Centre: Firefighter initial: aviation fuels and fuel tanks Archived 2018-02-19 at the Wayback Machine - International Fire Training Centre
- ^ Draper, John William (1847). "On the production of light by heat". The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science. 30 (202). Taylor & Francis: 345–359. doi:10.1080/14786444708647190.
- ^ "Spontaneous ignition of hydrogen" (PDF). Health and Safety Executive. 2008.